Records by time | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gnaphosidae | 0-1900 | 1901-1950 | 1951-2000 | 2001+ | ∑ |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) Almost threatened | 1× | 1× | 72× | 78× | 152× |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) Not endangered | 1× | 10× | 672× | 259× | 942× |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) Not endangered | 3× | 10× | 437× | 153× | 603× |
Heterogeneity of environmental conditions is the crucial factor supporting biodiversity in various habitats, including post-mining sites. The effects of micro-topographic heterogeneity on biodiversity and conservation potential of arthropod communities in post-industrial habitats had not been studied before now. At one of the largest European brown coal spoil heaps, we sampled eight groups of terrestrial arthropods with different life strategies (moths, spiders, ground beetles, ants, orthopteroids, centipedes, millipedes, and woodlice), in successionally young plots (5–18 y), with a heterogeneous wavy surface after heaping, and compared the communities with plots flattened by dozing. A combination of the standardized quantitative sampling, using two different methods, and a paired design of the plot selection enabled a robust analysis. Altogether, we recorded 380 species of the focal arthropods, 15 of them nationally threatened. We revealed the importance of the microtopographic heterogeneity for the formation of the biodiversity of arthropods in their secondary refuges. The communities with higher biodiversity and conservation value were detected in the plots with heterogeneous surfaces; exceptions were ground beetles and millipedes. The surface flattening, often the first step of technical reclamation projects, thus suppress biodiversity of most terrestrial arthropods during the restoration of post-mining sites. Since the communities of both surface types differed, the proportional presence on both surfaces could be more efficient in supporting the local biodiversity. We suggest reducing the surface dozing for the cases with other concerns only, to achieve a proportional representation of both surface types. Such a combination of different restoration approaches would, thus, efficiently support high biodiversity of groups with various needs.
The invertebrates of the Macocha Abyss, Moravian Karst, Czech Republic, were collected in 2007–2008 and 222 species were identified in total. The relative abundance of individual taxa of land snails, harvestmen, pseudoscorpions, spiders, millipedes, centipedes, terrestrial isopods, beetles, and ants was evaluated. The cold-adapted mountain and subterranean species inhabit the bottom and lower part of the abyss, whereas the sun-exposed rocky margins were inhabited by thermophilous species. Macocha harbors several threatened species that are absent or very rare in the surrounding habitats. In the forest landscape, the Macocha Abyss represents a natural habitat with a distinct microclimatic gradient, and is an excellent refuge area for psychrophilous as well as thermophilous species, which significantly contributes to maintenance of landscape biodiversity.
While the majority of the Central European landscape would be covered by forests without human influence, rocky areas form isolated, islet-like, natural, non-forest habitats. The surface of some of these non-forested areas is composed of bare bedrock or products of its erosional breakdown (without a soil layer) such as gravel, sand banks, sand dunes, scree slopes and rock outcrop habitats. These habitats harbour specialized spider species that depend on their specific substratum and microclimate (Růžička 2000). Out of these habitats, rock walls (and scree slopes) form one of the most distinct ecological gradients of any terrestrial ecosystem (Larson et al. 1989, Růžička et al. 1995). They provide habitats with extremely warm and cold microclimatic conditions in close proximity. They also belong to habitats almost unknown until now due to the technical and practical problems of sampling.
Sandstones can form extensive systems of rocks, sometimes with a broad spectrum of meso- and microhabitats due to their very dynamic relief. Sandstone rocks are characterised by a marked contrast between forested plateau and bare vertical rock walls (Balatka and Sládek 1984). Upper margins of rocks are dry, vertical rock walls can be sun-exposed, dry and bare, or shady and humid and hence covered by mosses. Spaces with an extremely cold climate can occur in deep gorges. The aim of this study is to evaluate available data on the species composition of spider assemblages in sandstone rocks, including new data about spiders on rock walls in the Bohemian Switzerland (České Švýcarsko) National Park.
Zemní past | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
---|---|---|---|---|
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 167 | 70 | 0 | 105 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1176 | 478 | 398 | 576 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 524 | 203 | 12 | 429 |
Neurčeno | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 6 | 1 | 0 | 33 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 126 | 92 | 3 | 202 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 40 | 39 | 0 | 112 |
Individuální sběr | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 5 | 11 | 0 | 10 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 156 | 154 | 8 | 128 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 48 | 49 | 1 | 47 |
Smyk | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 19 | 15 | 0 | 14 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 8 | 3 | 0 | 8 |
Prosev | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 7 | 6 | 0 | 11 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Nárazová past | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 9 | 5 | 0 | 7 |
Sklepávání | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
Žlutá miska | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Eklektor | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Neurčeno | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
---|---|---|---|---|
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 83 | 29 | 0 | 81 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 544 | 289 | 8 | 381 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 181 | 78 | 0 | 214 |
Skalní stepi na vápenci | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 36 | 5 | 0 | 8 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 153 | 74 | 56 | 109 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 35 | 36 | 8 | 40 |
Suché louky | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 1 | 7 | 0 | 9 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 165 | 97 | 3 | 89 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 38 | 36 | 0 | 46 |
Lesostepní doubravy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 89 | 78 | 3 | 44 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 34 | 8 | 0 | 19 |
Kamenité suti nižších poloh | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 135 | 37 | 6 | 53 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Xerotermní travinobylinná společenstva | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 36 | 21 | 1 | 17 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 41 | 19 | 2 | 29 |
Suché doubravy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 0 | 5 | 0 | 3 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 31 | 29 | 8 | 33 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 15 | 9 | 0 | 9 |
Rašeliniště | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 12 | 5 | 0 | 6 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 18 | 9 | 0 | 13 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 27 | 11 | 0 | 21 |
Výsadby jehličnanů | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 22 | 7 | 1 | 14 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 20 | 11 | 0 | 23 |
Kamenolomy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 23 | 20 | 2 | 26 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 8 | 2 | 0 | 6 |
Stinné skály nižších poloh | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 130 | 24 | 2 | 23 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 5 | 2 | 0 | 5 |
Lesy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 9 | 2 | 0 | 8 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 3 | 6 | 0 | 5 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 17 | 2 | 0 | 15 |
Lesní okraje | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 16 | 6 | 0 | 15 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 5 | 16 | 0 | 12 |
Porosty borůvek | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 14 | 2 | 0 | 5 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 20 | 10 | 0 | 10 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 15 | 4 | 0 | 11 |
Paseky | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 2 | 4 | 0 | 6 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 22 | 11 | 0 | 17 |
Haldy a výsypky | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 2 | 1 | 303 | 14 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 4 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
Bučiny nižších poloh | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 5 | 4 | 0 | 9 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 12 | 3 | 1 | 12 |
Acidofilní bory | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 21 | 9 | 0 | 14 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
Reliktní bory na skalách | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 10 | 6 | 0 | 11 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Suché křoviny | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 11 | 1 | 0 | 9 |
Louky a pastviny | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 4 | 6 | 2 | 10 |
Pastviny | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 16 | 2 | 0 | 8 |
Přirozené lesy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 6 | 2 | 0 | 5 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 5 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
Těžebny písku a jiných nezpevněných hornin | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 4 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 3 | 2 | 0 | 5 |
Úhory | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 2 | 8 | 0 | 8 |
Mokré louky | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 11 | 2 | 0 | 8 |
Suťové a roklinové lesy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 24 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Mezofilní louky | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 7 | 3 | 0 | 6 |
Dubohabřiny | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 9 | 3 | 0 | 4 |
Lužní lesy nížin | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Travnaté stepi | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Louky | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Horské smrčiny | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Luční ostřicové mokřady | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 17 | 7 | 0 | 3 |
Rašelinné bory | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Interiéry budov | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
Okraje silnic | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 3 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
Ruderály | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Vřesoviště nižších poloh | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 1 | 5 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Ovocné sady s luční vegetací | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Močály | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Písčiny | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 4 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Slaniska | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 8 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
Mokřady | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Výsadby listnáčů | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
Rákosiny a orobincové porosty stojatých vod | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Ostatní pole | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Horské bučiny | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Ovocné sady a vinohrady | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Skalní stepi na jiných horninách | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Nízké xerofilní křoviny | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
alpínské trávníky | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Ostřicové porosty stojatých vod | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Suché lesní lemy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Břehy tekoucích vod | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Vlhké lesní lemy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Štěrkové břehy řek | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Širokolisté horské nivy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Bylinné porosty břehů | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Louky | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Zahrady | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Železniční náspy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Těžební jámy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 0 | 0 | 15 | 1 |
Zahradnicky utvářené zahrady a parky | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Horská vřesoviště | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |