Kvadráty: 5960 6158 6766 5762 6575 6567 6774 6140 6141 7171 6152 5852 7069 6060 5353 5652 5648 6050 5952 7162 6068 6069 6542 6264 7161 6367 6576 6476 6161 7170 6472 5450 5656 5456 5359 5966 5756 5867 5958 7151 5868 6167 6471 6675 5755 6477 6261 6676 7072 6174 6370 6360 6267 6847 7148 5254 6770 6162 5869 5154 5969 5853 6474 7266 7166 6873 6973 6573 6674 6175 6475 6478 5358 5157 5156 5355 5255 5865 6376 6377 6642 7052 6874 5350 6052 5357 6441 6051 5645 6448 6266 7261 5751 5347 7165 6062 6548 5770 6672 5748 7068 6764 6570 5449 6569 6673 6574 5457 6758 6769 6772 7351 6458 6150 6957 5942 5842 6666 6375 6071 7059 5644 5664 7267 5151 6856 6959 7071 5949 6048 6862 6654 6450 6869 6858 6771 6054 7169 6049 5948 5651 5850 7073 5153 5462 6246 5557 5951 6974 5649 6143 5454 5562 6159 7063 6566 7065 6868 6447 5857 7152 7051 5749 6964 6963 5653 7053 5446 5453 5360 5253 6864 5548 5152 5352 5250 5544 7159 6745 5953 5552 6249 6147 6348 5259 5663 6273 6241 6551 6053 5962 5964 5965 6066 6065 6172 6148 5549 5763 5553 6362 5769 6276 6247 6347 5971 6659 5555 5463 5362 6663 6562 7160 6765 6272 6252 5452 6952 6355 6660 6361 6845 5655 6968 6863 5349 6946 5448 6160 5257 5252 6467 6070 6846 5354 7254 7155 7055 7154 5668 6464 6461 5547 5363 5768 6951 5667 6260 5567 6948 5260 6275 6749 6849 6549 6568 5848 5849 5947 6754 6366 6848 6564 5556 6664 6955 5863 5643 7048 5963 5647 6063 6556 5864 6753 6557 5752 7149 5955 5361 5861 5251 6545 6544 6469 6451 5761 6947 5258 6658 5759 6256 6650 6555 6354 6954 7054 6854 6561 6855 6761 6751 6662 6665 6744
  Records by time  
Dysderidae 0-19001901-19501951-20002001+
Harpactea hombergi Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) Not endangered 255× 89× 350×
Harpactea lepida Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) Not endangered 13× 954× 284× 1255×
Harpactea rubicunda Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) Not endangered 10× 15× 623× 270× 918×

Bibliography

 © Oto Zimmermann

Cílem mé práce bylo zjistit druhovou diverzitu a početnost pavouků v arboretu Mendelovy univerzity v Brně a také vyvodit jejich význam, a v neposlední řadě též posoudit význam arboret, parků a další městské zeleně coby míst vyšší biologické diverzity v urbanizovaném prostředí.

V rámci výzkumu bylo vybráno patnáct listnatých dřevin, lokalizovaných v různých částech arboreta. Pavouci byli získávání pomocí dvou odchytových metod, metodou sklepávání a metodou výběru z kartonových pásů (pastí). Sklepávání proběhlo v rámci výzkumu celkem čtyřikrát, konkrétně 11. 5. 2017, 14. 6. 2017, 1. 8. 2017 a 18. 9. 2017. Výběr z kartonových pásů byl proveden dvakrát, 28. 6. 2017 a 19. 10. 2017.

V obou metodách bylo získáno a determinováno celkem 303 adultních jedinců pavouků náležejících do 45 druhů, 36 rodů a 14 čeledí. Nejpočetněji zastoupen byl druh Philodromus cespitum, který tvořil více než třetinu odchyceného materiálu (přes 33 %). Tento druh patří mezi druhy schopné žít i v narušených biotopech urbanizovaných lokalit, jeho značné zastoupení je tedy očekávatelné. V rámci výzkumu bylo však získáno i několik druhů ohrožených, které se vyskytují pouze v přirozeném prostředí méně narušených biotopů.

Z tohoto faktu lze tedy dovodit závěr, že prostředí arboreta tvoří alespoň částečně přirozené prostředí pro výskyt různých druhů, z čehož vyplývá, že arboreta, parky a další zeleň ve městech, jsou tedy skutečně místem biodiverzity. Tento závěr je důležitý i pro arboristickou praxi, stejně jako fakt, že pavouci jsou významní predátoři bezobratlých a je tedy možné je využít v rámci biologické ochrany ve městech (tedy v místech, kde není vhodné používat chemické přípravky pro ochranu rostlin) i mimo ně. Ohrožené a vzácné druhy, které byly v rámci výzkumu v arboretu determinovány, lze také využít pro bioindikaci kvality prostředí v arboretu a obdobně je možné pavouky využít i v městských parcích a další městské zeleni stejně jako i ve volné krajině.



 © Oto Zimmermann

Predators are traditionally classified as generalists and specialists based on the presence of adaptations that increase efficiency of prey capture and consumption and selection of particular prey types. Nevertheless, empirical evidence comparing foraging efficiency between generalist and specialist carnivores is scarce. We compared the prey-capture and feeding efficiency in a generalist and a specialist (araneophagous) spider predator. By using two related species, the generalist Harpactea rubicunda (Dysderidae) and the specialist Nops cf. variabilis (Caponiidae), we evaluated their fundamental trophic niche by studying the acceptance of different prey. Then, we compared their predatory behavior, efficiency in capturing prey of varying sizes, feeding efficiency, and nutrient extraction. Nops accepted only spiders as prey, while Harpactea accepted all offered prey, confirming that Nops is stenophagous, while Harpactea is euryphagous. Further, Nops displayed more specialized (stereotyped) capture behavior than Harpactea, suggesting that Nops is a specialist, while Harpactea is a generalist. The specialist immobilized prey faster, overcame much larger prey, and gained more mass (due to feeding on larger prey) than the generalist. Both the specialist and the generalist spider extracted more proteins than lipids, but the extraction of macronutrients in the specialist was achieved mainly by consuming the prosoma of the focal prey. We show that the specialist has more efficient foraging strategy than the generalist.



 © Oto Zimmermann

The invertebrates of the Macocha Abyss, Moravian Karst, Czech Republic, were collected in 2007–2008 and 222 species were identified in total. The relative abundance of individual taxa of land snails, harvestmen, pseudoscorpions, spiders, millipedes, centipedes, terrestrial isopods, beetles, and ants was evaluated. The cold-adapted mountain and subterranean species inhabit the bottom and lower part of the abyss, whereas the sun-exposed rocky margins were inhabited by thermophilous species. Macocha harbors several threatened species that are absent or very rare in the surrounding habitats. In the forest landscape, the Macocha Abyss represents a natural habitat with a distinct microclimatic gradient, and is an excellent refuge area for psychrophilous as well as thermophilous species, which significantly contributes to maintenance of landscape biodiversity.



 © Oto Zimmermann

While the majority of the Central European landscape would be covered by forests without human influence, rocky areas form isolated, islet-like, natural, non-forest habitats. The surface of some of these non-forested areas is composed of bare bedrock or products of its erosional breakdown (without a soil layer) such as gravel, sand banks, sand dunes, scree slopes and rock outcrop habitats. These habitats harbour specialized  spider species that depend on their specific substratum and microclimate (Růžička 2000). Out of these habitats, rock walls (and scree slopes) form one of the most distinct ecological gradients of any terrestrial ecosystem (Larson et al. 1989, Růžička et al. 1995). They provide habitats with extremely warm and cold microclimatic conditions in close proximity. They also belong to habitats almost unknown until now due to the technical and practical problems of sampling.

Sandstones can form extensive systems of rocks, sometimes with a broad spectrum of meso- and microhabitats due to their very dynamic relief. Sandstone rocks are characterised by a marked contrast between forested plateau and bare vertical rock walls (Balatka and Sládek 1984). Upper margins of rocks are dry, vertical rock walls can be sun-exposed, dry and bare, or shady and humid and hence covered by mosses. Spaces with an extremely cold climate can occur in deep gorges. The aim of this study is to evaluate available data on the species composition of spider assemblages in sandstone rocks, including new data about spiders on rock walls in the Bohemian Switzerland (České Švýcarsko) National Park.



Gallery

Statistics

By month


By altitude


By collecting method (2522 used records)
Zemní pastMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 137 101 17 161
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1567 760 139 973
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 741 453 225 497
NeurčenoMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 54 55 1 107
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 96 74 9 148
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 97 128 3 241
Individuální sběrMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 41 50 257 52
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 57 29 14 50
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 130 83 17 134
ProsevMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 14 19 9 18
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 32 59 50 57
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 21 16 5 28
SmykMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 5 2 0 4
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 40 24 0 20
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 27 8 0 14
EklektorMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 1 11 3 5
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 1 1 3
SklepáváníMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 2 3 0 2
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 3 0 1 4
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 1 0 2
PozorováníMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 1 0 1
FotografieMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 0 0 0 1
 MalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords

By biotope (2522 used records)
NeurčenoMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 50 57 6 136
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 243 165 63 275
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 342 276 9 394
Kamenité suti nižších polohMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 39 26 5 40
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 77 59 8 66
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 45 39 3 47
Bučiny nižších polohMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 6 7 1 10
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 262 130 2 110
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 7 0 0 3
Suché loukyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 13 4 0 14
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 3 5 1 10
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 93 91 11 97
Výsadby jehličnanůMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 0 2 1 3
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 107 62 12 92
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 17 5 0 8
Suché doubravyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 28 16 4 28
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 51 37 19 48
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 35 24 6 23
LesyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 1 4 0 4
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 162 59 12 77
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 62 4 0 11
Suťové a roklinové lesyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 8 4 2 9
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 121 49 16 66
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 35 6 0 13
Stinné skály nižších polohMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 16 24 8 21
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 167 110 17 59
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 1 0 2
LesyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 0 0 0 1
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 4 3 0 64
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 2 1 1 6
Lesostepní doubravyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 13 13 0 14
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 9 12 0 11
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 76 31 1 36
Skalní stepi na vápenciMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 0 5 4
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 48 38 9 52
KamenolomyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 1 0 2 2
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 26 26 1 14
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 40 17 3 34
Lesy vyšších poloh a strmých svahůMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 0 5 0 3
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 51 29 4 46
RašeliništěMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 94 41 2 48
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 0 0 1
Přirozené lesyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 5 4 1 7
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 39 18 5 37
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 4 4 1 5
Porosty borůvekMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 3 3 0 3
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 5 1 0 6
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 33 27 0 28
Acidofilní boryMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 11 7 4 13
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 17 18 0 15
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 28 13 0 9
Lesní okrajeMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 4 12 4 10
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 2 6 1 7
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 10 8 1 14
Horské bučinyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 7 1 0 2
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 90 11 18 29
Břehy tekoucích vodMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 44 18 0 30
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 0 1 1
Xerotermní travinobylinná společenstvaMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 5 1 0 6
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 26 24 0 23
Reliktní bory na skaláchMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 8 15 3 10
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 6 1 8 10
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 5 3 1 8
PasekyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 1 0 0 1
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 14 3 0 16
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 6 0 0 2
Horské smrčinyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 1 0 0 1
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 73 3 0 17
Výsadby listnáčůMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 18 19 246 7
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 4 4 0 4
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 12 10 0 7
RuderályMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 2 0 1
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 28 9 4 14
Suché křovinyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 0 0 0 2
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 0 0 1
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 9 5 0 11
Interiéry budovMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 2 1 0 1
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 6 5 3 13
LoukyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 4 1 0 11
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 0 0 1
DubohabřinyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 10 7 0 1
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 35 4 1 5
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 6 6 0 5
Skalní a suťové biotopyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 23 20 13 10
Podmáčené smrčinyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 5 13 0 9
Rašelinné boryMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 7 2 0 8
Ovocné sady s luční vegetacíMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 1 0 0 1
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 6 2 1 7
PísčinyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 10 10 0 8
Luční ostřicové mokřadyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 8 8 1 6
Mokřadní olšinyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 1 0 0 1
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 3 3 0 5
Haldy a výsypkyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 3 6 192 6
Širokolisté horské nivyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 2 5 0 5
MočályMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 4 1 0 4
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 0 0 1
Mezofilní loukyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 0 2 0 2
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 8 0 3
Suché lesní lemyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 3 5 0 4
JeskyněMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 8 5 0 4
Lužní lesy nížinMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 10 3 1 4
Zahradnicky utvářené zahrady a parkyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 8 9 0 3
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 0 0 1
Okraje silnicMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 2 4 2 3
Louky a pastvinyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 2 1 3
Travnaté stepiMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 2 2 0 3
Mokré loukyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 1 0 2
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 0 0 1
Skály a sutě v horáchMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 5 3 3
PastvinyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 2 0 0 2
Polní biotopyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 0 0 1
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 4 0 0 1
Vnější stěny budovMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 2 0 2
Vřesoviště nižších polohMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 4 2 0 2
MokřadyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 0 0 2
Skalní stepi na jiných hornináchMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 1 0 0 1
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 1 0 1
Ostřicové porosty stojatých vodMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 1 0 1
Nehluboké podzemní prostory (pukliny, půdní horizonty)MalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 0 0 1
Vlhké doubravyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 0 0 1
Vlhké lesní lemyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 0 1 1
Vrbové křoviny - vlhké (vrbové) křovinyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 0 0 1
Horská vřesovištěMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 1 0 1
ÚhoryMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 0 0 1
 MalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords