Records by time | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dysderidae | 0-1900 | 1901-1950 | 1951-2000 | 2001+ | ∑ |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) Not endangered | 6× | 255× | 89× | 350× | |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) Not endangered | 4× | 13× | 954× | 284× | 1255× |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) Not endangered | 10× | 15× | 623× | 270× | 918× |
Cílem mé práce bylo zjistit druhovou diverzitu a početnost pavouků v arboretu Mendelovy univerzity v Brně a také vyvodit jejich význam, a v neposlední řadě též posoudit význam arboret, parků a další městské zeleně coby míst vyšší biologické diverzity v urbanizovaném prostředí.
V rámci výzkumu bylo vybráno patnáct listnatých dřevin, lokalizovaných v různých částech arboreta. Pavouci byli získávání pomocí dvou odchytových metod, metodou sklepávání a metodou výběru z kartonových pásů (pastí). Sklepávání proběhlo v rámci výzkumu celkem čtyřikrát, konkrétně 11. 5. 2017, 14. 6. 2017, 1. 8. 2017 a 18. 9. 2017. Výběr z kartonových pásů byl proveden dvakrát, 28. 6. 2017 a 19. 10. 2017.
V obou metodách bylo získáno a determinováno celkem 303 adultních jedinců pavouků náležejících do 45 druhů, 36 rodů a 14 čeledí. Nejpočetněji zastoupen byl druh Philodromus cespitum, který tvořil více než třetinu odchyceného materiálu (přes 33 %). Tento druh patří mezi druhy schopné žít i v narušených biotopech urbanizovaných lokalit, jeho značné zastoupení je tedy očekávatelné. V rámci výzkumu bylo však získáno i několik druhů ohrožených, které se vyskytují pouze v přirozeném prostředí méně narušených biotopů.
Z tohoto faktu lze tedy dovodit závěr, že prostředí arboreta tvoří alespoň částečně přirozené prostředí pro výskyt různých druhů, z čehož vyplývá, že arboreta, parky a další zeleň ve městech, jsou tedy skutečně místem biodiverzity. Tento závěr je důležitý i pro arboristickou praxi, stejně jako fakt, že pavouci jsou významní predátoři bezobratlých a je tedy možné je využít v rámci biologické ochrany ve městech (tedy v místech, kde není vhodné používat chemické přípravky pro ochranu rostlin) i mimo ně. Ohrožené a vzácné druhy, které byly v rámci výzkumu v arboretu determinovány, lze také využít pro bioindikaci kvality prostředí v arboretu a obdobně je možné pavouky využít i v městských parcích a další městské zeleni stejně jako i ve volné krajině.
Predators are traditionally classified as generalists and specialists based on the presence of adaptations that increase efficiency of prey capture and consumption and selection of particular prey types. Nevertheless, empirical evidence comparing foraging efficiency between generalist and specialist carnivores is scarce. We compared the prey-capture and feeding efficiency in a generalist and a specialist (araneophagous) spider predator. By using two related species, the generalist Harpactea rubicunda (Dysderidae) and the specialist Nops cf. variabilis (Caponiidae), we evaluated their fundamental trophic niche by studying the acceptance of different prey. Then, we compared their predatory behavior, efficiency in capturing prey of varying sizes, feeding efficiency, and nutrient extraction. Nops accepted only spiders as prey, while Harpactea accepted all offered prey, confirming that Nops is stenophagous, while Harpactea is euryphagous. Further, Nops displayed more specialized (stereotyped) capture behavior than Harpactea, suggesting that Nops is a specialist, while Harpactea is a generalist. The specialist immobilized prey faster, overcame much larger prey, and gained more mass (due to feeding on larger prey) than the generalist. Both the specialist and the generalist spider extracted more proteins than lipids, but the extraction of macronutrients in the specialist was achieved mainly by consuming the prosoma of the focal prey. We show that the specialist has more efficient foraging strategy than the generalist.
The invertebrates of the Macocha Abyss, Moravian Karst, Czech Republic, were collected in 2007–2008 and 222 species were identified in total. The relative abundance of individual taxa of land snails, harvestmen, pseudoscorpions, spiders, millipedes, centipedes, terrestrial isopods, beetles, and ants was evaluated. The cold-adapted mountain and subterranean species inhabit the bottom and lower part of the abyss, whereas the sun-exposed rocky margins were inhabited by thermophilous species. Macocha harbors several threatened species that are absent or very rare in the surrounding habitats. In the forest landscape, the Macocha Abyss represents a natural habitat with a distinct microclimatic gradient, and is an excellent refuge area for psychrophilous as well as thermophilous species, which significantly contributes to maintenance of landscape biodiversity.
While the majority of the Central European landscape would be covered by forests without human influence, rocky areas form isolated, islet-like, natural, non-forest habitats. The surface of some of these non-forested areas is composed of bare bedrock or products of its erosional breakdown (without a soil layer) such as gravel, sand banks, sand dunes, scree slopes and rock outcrop habitats. These habitats harbour specialized spider species that depend on their specific substratum and microclimate (Růžička 2000). Out of these habitats, rock walls (and scree slopes) form one of the most distinct ecological gradients of any terrestrial ecosystem (Larson et al. 1989, Růžička et al. 1995). They provide habitats with extremely warm and cold microclimatic conditions in close proximity. They also belong to habitats almost unknown until now due to the technical and practical problems of sampling.
Sandstones can form extensive systems of rocks, sometimes with a broad spectrum of meso- and microhabitats due to their very dynamic relief. Sandstone rocks are characterised by a marked contrast between forested plateau and bare vertical rock walls (Balatka and Sládek 1984). Upper margins of rocks are dry, vertical rock walls can be sun-exposed, dry and bare, or shady and humid and hence covered by mosses. Spaces with an extremely cold climate can occur in deep gorges. The aim of this study is to evaluate available data on the species composition of spider assemblages in sandstone rocks, including new data about spiders on rock walls in the Bohemian Switzerland (České Švýcarsko) National Park.
Zemní past | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
---|---|---|---|---|
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 137 | 101 | 17 | 161 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 1567 | 760 | 139 | 973 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 741 | 453 | 225 | 497 |
Neurčeno | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 54 | 55 | 1 | 107 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 96 | 74 | 9 | 148 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 97 | 128 | 3 | 241 |
Individuální sběr | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 41 | 50 | 257 | 52 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 57 | 29 | 14 | 50 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 130 | 83 | 17 | 134 |
Prosev | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 14 | 19 | 9 | 18 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 32 | 59 | 50 | 57 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 21 | 16 | 5 | 28 |
Smyk | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 5 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 40 | 24 | 0 | 20 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 27 | 8 | 0 | 14 |
Eklektor | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 1 | 11 | 3 | 5 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Sklepávání | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 2 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 3 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Pozorování | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Fotografie | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Neurčeno | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
---|---|---|---|---|
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 50 | 57 | 6 | 136 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 243 | 165 | 63 | 275 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 342 | 276 | 9 | 394 |
Kamenité suti nižších poloh | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 39 | 26 | 5 | 40 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 77 | 59 | 8 | 66 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 45 | 39 | 3 | 47 |
Bučiny nižších poloh | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 6 | 7 | 1 | 10 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 262 | 130 | 2 | 110 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 7 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Suché louky | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 13 | 4 | 0 | 14 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 3 | 5 | 1 | 10 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 93 | 91 | 11 | 97 |
Výsadby jehličnanů | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 107 | 62 | 12 | 92 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 17 | 5 | 0 | 8 |
Suché doubravy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 28 | 16 | 4 | 28 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 51 | 37 | 19 | 48 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 35 | 24 | 6 | 23 |
Lesy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 1 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 162 | 59 | 12 | 77 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 62 | 4 | 0 | 11 |
Suťové a roklinové lesy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 8 | 4 | 2 | 9 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 121 | 49 | 16 | 66 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 35 | 6 | 0 | 13 |
Stinné skály nižších poloh | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 16 | 24 | 8 | 21 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 167 | 110 | 17 | 59 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Lesy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 4 | 3 | 0 | 64 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Lesostepní doubravy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 13 | 13 | 0 | 14 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 9 | 12 | 0 | 11 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 76 | 31 | 1 | 36 |
Skalní stepi na vápenci | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 1 | 0 | 5 | 4 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 48 | 38 | 9 | 52 |
Kamenolomy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 26 | 26 | 1 | 14 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 40 | 17 | 3 | 34 |
Lesy vyšších poloh a strmých svahů | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 0 | 5 | 0 | 3 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 51 | 29 | 4 | 46 |
Rašeliniště | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 94 | 41 | 2 | 48 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Přirozené lesy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 5 | 4 | 1 | 7 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 39 | 18 | 5 | 37 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 4 | 4 | 1 | 5 |
Porosty borůvek | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 5 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 33 | 27 | 0 | 28 |
Acidofilní bory | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 11 | 7 | 4 | 13 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 17 | 18 | 0 | 15 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 28 | 13 | 0 | 9 |
Lesní okraje | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 4 | 12 | 4 | 10 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 2 | 6 | 1 | 7 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 10 | 8 | 1 | 14 |
Horské bučiny | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 7 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 90 | 11 | 18 | 29 |
Břehy tekoucích vod | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 44 | 18 | 0 | 30 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Xerotermní travinobylinná společenstva | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 5 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 26 | 24 | 0 | 23 |
Reliktní bory na skalách | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 8 | 15 | 3 | 10 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 6 | 1 | 8 | 10 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 5 | 3 | 1 | 8 |
Paseky | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 14 | 3 | 0 | 16 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 6 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Horské smrčiny | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 73 | 3 | 0 | 17 |
Výsadby listnáčů | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 18 | 19 | 246 | 7 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 4 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 12 | 10 | 0 | 7 |
Ruderály | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 28 | 9 | 4 | 14 |
Suché křoviny | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 9 | 5 | 0 | 11 |
Interiéry budov | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 6 | 5 | 3 | 13 |
Louky | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 4 | 1 | 0 | 11 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dubohabřiny | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 10 | 7 | 0 | 1 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 35 | 4 | 1 | 5 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 6 | 6 | 0 | 5 |
Skalní a suťové biotopy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 23 | 20 | 13 | 10 |
Podmáčené smrčiny | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 5 | 13 | 0 | 9 |
Rašelinné bory | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 7 | 2 | 0 | 8 |
Ovocné sady s luční vegetací | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 6 | 2 | 1 | 7 |
Písčiny | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 10 | 10 | 0 | 8 |
Luční ostřicové mokřady | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 8 | 8 | 1 | 6 |
Mokřadní olšiny | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 3 | 3 | 0 | 5 |
Haldy a výsypky | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 3 | 6 | 192 | 6 |
Širokolisté horské nivy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 2 | 5 | 0 | 5 |
Močály | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 4 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Mezofilní louky | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 1 | 8 | 0 | 3 |
Suché lesní lemy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 3 | 5 | 0 | 4 |
Jeskyně | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 8 | 5 | 0 | 4 |
Lužní lesy nížin | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 10 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
Zahradnicky utvářené zahrady a parky | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 8 | 9 | 0 | 3 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Okraje silnic | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
Louky a pastviny | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
Travnaté stepi | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
Mokré louky | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Skály a sutě v horách | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 0 | 5 | 3 | 3 |
Pastviny | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Polní biotopy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Vnější stěny budov | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Vřesoviště nižších poloh | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Mokřady | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Skalní stepi na jiných horninách | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Ostřicové porosty stojatých vod | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Nehluboké podzemní prostory (pukliny, půdní horizonty) | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Vlhké doubravy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Vlhké lesní lemy | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Vrbové křoviny - vlhké (vrbové) křoviny | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Horská vřesoviště | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Úhory | Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Males | Females | Juveniles | Records |